The Geographic

  Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells that play an important role in the production of ATP, the universal energy currency used in all cells. Most mitochondrial proteins are transported from the cytosol into mitochondria through specialized protein translocator complexes. Interactions between these complexes bring the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes into proximity. The successful targeting of many proteins that reside in the intermembrane space requires translocator complexes that cross both the outer and inner membranes. After entering the inner membrane translocator, many of these proteins do not completely cross the membrane, but instead are released into the membrane and diffuse laterally. They then remain embedded in the inner membrane or are cleaved, releasing a portion into the intermembrane space. Very few resident proteins are simply transported across the outer membrane translocator complex. Matrix proteins do not transit through the intermembrane...

 By: S Raza Ali Shah | We know by now that glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, and leads to the formation of two molecules of pyruvate per molecule of glucose. These pyruvate molecules are converted into acetyl coenzyme A, also known as acetyl-CoA, and this happens inside the mitochondrial matrix. Therefore, acetyl-CoA is the key metabolic intermediate that links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. For clarity, we will not show the coenzyme portion of acetyl-CoA, and instead are simply representing it as the two-carbon molecule acetate. So how does the pyruvate get into the mitochondrial matrix? This depends on a carrier protein that transports pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix, where there it is oxidized to form acetyl-CoA by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. In this reaction, a molecule of carbon dioxide is generated as pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA, and a molecule of NAD+ is reduced to NADH. This last reaction is not shown for clarity. The citric acid cycle c...

    By: S.Raza Ali | First steps towards understanding the electrical properties of individual neurons. We learned how electrical forces and diffusion give rise to membrane potentials, and we learned how cells can generate and propagate signals called action potentials, or 'spikes', along the membrane. Understanding the properties of the neuronal membrane is essential, but understanding just these properties isn't sufficient to give us insight into the collective behavior of the billions of connected neurons in our brains. Luckily for us, we can approach neuroscience at many different scales and levels of analysis, and we don't have to confront the full complexity of everything all at once. That's what we'll be exploring throughout the rest of this course as we slowly go from our understanding of single molecules such as ion channels'..to the electrical behavior of neurons...to their collective behavior in small circuits...and finally onto how they bec...

By: S.Raza Ali Shah |  Putin fires a hypersonic rocket at Ukraine: Russia moves forward battle of weakening with one more strike on the west of the country with 9,000mph rocket as Kyiv claims intruders have experienced 15,000 setbacks. Moscow asserts the 'Kinzhal'- or Dagger - is 'relentless' by current Western weapons. The rocket, which has a scope of 1,250 miles, is atomic proficient. This was an ordinary strike. 'The Kinzhal flying rocket framework with hypersonic aeroballistic rockets annihilated an enormous underground distribution center containing rockets and flying ammo in the town of Deliatyn in the Ivano-Frankivsk locale', the Russian guard service said Saturday. Russian President Vladimir Putin has named the rocket 'an ideal weapon' that flies at multiple times the speed of sound and can conquer air-guard frameworks. Deliatyn, a town in the lower regions of the beautiful Carpathian mountains, is situated external to the city of Ivano-Frankivsk...

By: S.Raza Ali Shah | The lamentable fresh insight about sub-investigator Mary Rose's passing to self-destruction in Rahim Yar Khan broke the web on Monday, standing out as truly newsworthy. What irritated netizens most was the way somebody from a regulation authorization office, somebody with power, capitulated to death over supposed homegrown issues. Shaken by the news, entertainers Nadia Afgan and Urwa Hocane took to their virtual entertainment handles to censure the man-centric culture that criticizes separation and makes it hard for even ladies in power, to carry on with it life-based on their conditions. As they would see it, Rose, a mother of two, was "killed" by society. The Suno Chanda entertainer took to her Instagram story and shared a post by BBC Urdu about her self-destruction. Afgan stated, "This was not self-destruction. She was killed by our man-centric culture." Referring to the supposed homegrown issues between the late sub-overseer and her bet...

  صدر پوتن نے اس قانون کی منظوری ایک ایسے وقت میں دی ہے جب مغرب کی جانب سے روس پر اقتصادی اور تجارتی  پابندیوں کے تناظر میں کئی غیرملکی کمپنیوں نے روس سے کہا ہے کہ انہوں نے جو ہوائی جہاز کرائے پر دیے ہوئے ہیں وہ واپس کیے جائیں۔ روس کے سرکاری اعداد وشمار کے مطابق روسی فضائی کمپنیاں جو طیارے استعمال کر رہی ہیں ان میں سے 75 فیصد ایسے ہی جو لیز یا کرائے پر حاصل کیے گئے ہیں۔ ان طیاروں کی تعداد 515 ہے جن کی کل مالیت دس ارب ڈالر سے زیادہ ہے۔ اگر روس کو یہ طیارے واپس کرنا پڑ جاتے ہیں تو روس کی فضائی حدود مسافر بردار طیاروں کے حوالے سے بالکل ویران ہو سکتی ہے۔ اس ممکنہ بحران سے بچنے کے لیے جو نیا قانون بنایا گیا ہے اس کے تحت غیرملکی طیاروں کو روس میں ہی رجسٹر کیا جائے گا تا کہ 'شہری ہوابازی کے شعبے میں کوئی خلل نہ پیدا ہو' اور پروازیں معمول کے مطابق کام کرتی رہیں۔

By: S.Raza Ali Shah |  As per the Assembled State Division of America's Delegate Ned Value's assertion, He said albeit the eleven-month-old discussions are at an extremely sensitive stage. Ned Cost referenced that we (US) are near a potential arrangement, yet we are not there yet, we truly do figure the excess issues can be crossed over. Talks in Vienna to restore the Iranian atomic arrangement are approaching their decision, Iranian and US authorities have proposed, raising expectations the understanding may before long Taking everything into account Stage. Iran's boss atomic mediator, Ali Bagheri Kani, said yesterday that the gatherings in the Austrian capital are "closer than any time in recent memory" to arriving at an arrangement on the Iranian Atomic program. Ali Bagheri Kani was glad to report it he likewise referenced that we can cooperate from now on and Iran is incredibly worried about it.